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Go-to guides for every style we support

Plain-English orientations to the citation styles academic writing actually uses. One guide per style, written for the writers who run the editor.

All guides

Every style we support, one guide each

Each style guide gets its own go-to article. Pick the one you write in, or browse to learn what the others enforce.

Style Guide

APA 7th Edition

Author-date for psychology and the social sciences

Orientation to the 7th edition: who publishes it, the punctuation and usage conventions it enforces, and how its author-date citation system works across in-text references, the reference list, and content notes.

Read (12 min)
Style Guide

MLA 9th Edition

Author-page for the humanities

The Modern Language Association's standard for the humanities. Container-based citation logic, the Works Cited list, and the conventions MLA applies across literary and cultural-studies writing.

Read (11 min)
Style Guide

Harvard Style (Cite Them Right)

Author-date with pinpoint pages and italic et al.

The Cite-Them-Right Harvard variant used across UK higher education. Page numbers in every citation, italicised et al., and the conventions that distinguish it from APA and other Harvard variants.

Read (11 min)
Style Guide

Chicago Manual of Style 18

Both citation systems: Author-Date and Notes-Bibliography

CMOS 18 carries two parallel citation systems on purpose. Author-Date suits the social sciences. Notes-Bibliography suits history and the humanities. This guide covers both, side by side, with examples in each.

Read (14 min)
Style Guide

Chicago 18, Notes-Bibliography (deep dive)

The footnote system for history and the humanities

A deeper standalone reference on the Notes-Bibliography variant of CMOS 18. Numbered notes, the first-full-then-shortened citation pattern, and how the bibliography pairs with them.

Read (11 min)
Style Guide

OSCOLA

Oxford Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities

The footnote-based system for UK and Commonwealth legal writing. Citing cases, legislation, statutory instruments, books, and journal articles in the form Oxford set as the standard.

Read (12 min)
Style Guide

IEEE Style

Bracketed numbers for engineering and computer science

The numeric citation system used across electrical engineering, computer science, and adjacent technical fields. Bracketed citation numbers, reference list ordering, and the IEEE Editorial Style.

Read (11 min)
Style Guide

Vancouver Style

ICMJE numeric citations for clinical writing

The numeric system used across biomedical and clinical literature. Citation numbering, abbreviated journal titles, and the reference list conventions specific to medical writing.

Read (10 min)
Style Guide

AMA 11th Edition

Superscript citations for US medical journals

The American Medical Association style, dominant across US medical journals. Superscript citation numbers, reference list rules, and the editorial conventions AMA enforces in medical publishing.

Read (11 min)

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